Android -> установить высоту ImageView на динамическую высоту родителя

С помощью ConstraintLayout вы можете сопоставить высоту другого вида, установив высоту на 0dp и ограничив верх/низ другим видом, который вы хотите сопоставить.

Я вырезал другие части вашего макета, поэтому вам придется добавить их, но ниже приведен код для изображения и текста. Сделай это

<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?>
<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView xmlns:android = "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app = "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools = "http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:id = "@+id/cardview"
    app:cardBackgroundColor = "#FF6B6B"
    android:layout_marginBottom = "8dp"
    android:layout_marginTop = "8dp"
    android:layout_marginRight = "16dp"
    android:layout_marginLeft = "16dp"
    android:layout_width = "match_parent"
    android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
    app:cardCornerRadius = "8dp">

    <androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
        android:layout_width = "match_parent"
        android:layout_height = "wrap_content">

        <ImageView
            android:id = "@+id/background"
            android:layout_width = "0dp"
            android:layout_height = "0dp"

            tools:src = "@tools:sample/avatars"
            android:scaleType = "centerCrop"

            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf = "@id/text"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf = "@id/text"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf = "@id/text"
            app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf = "@id/text" />

        <TextView
            android:id = "@+id/text"
            android:layout_width = "0dp"
            android:layout_height = "wrap_content"

            android:ellipsize = "end"
            android:lineSpacingExtra = "4dp"
            android:maxLines = "4"
            android:text = "This sounded nonsense to Alice, so she said nothing, but set off at her being blah blah This sounded nonsense to Alice, so she said nothing, but set off at her being blah blah"
            android:textSize = "14sp"
            app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf = "parent"
            app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf = "parent"
            app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf = "parent" />
    </androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>

Правильный способ — использовать код @Håkon Schia. Но если вы хотите использовать FrameLayout, добавьте это внутри RelativeLayout, как это, и добавьте ImageView внутри этого с ограничением «alignBottom»:

<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "utf-8"?>

<androidx.cardview.widget.CardView
    xmlns:android = "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app = "http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    android:id = "@+id/cardview"
    app:cardBackgroundColor = "#FF6B6B"
    android:layout_marginBottom = "8dp"
    android:layout_marginTop = "8dp"
    android:layout_marginRight = "16dp"
    android:layout_marginLeft = "16dp"
    android:layout_width = "match_parent"
    android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
    app:cardCornerRadius = "8dp">

    <!--
        Code added here...
    -->
    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width = "match_parent"
        android:layout_height = "wrap_content">

    <ImageView
        android:id = "@+id/background"
        android:background = "@drawable/universe1"
        android:layout_width = "match_parent"
        android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignBottom = "@+id/frameLayout"
        android:scaleType = "centerCrop">
    </ImageView>

    <FrameLayout
        android:id = "@+id/frameLayout"
        android:layout_width = "match_parent"
        android:layout_height = "wrap_content">
        <!--<ImageView
            android:src = "@drawable/universe1"
            android:layout_width = "match_parent"
            android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
            android:scaleType = "centerCrop">
        </ImageView>-->
        <LinearLayout
            android:id = "@+id/layout_text"
            android:layout_width = "match_parent"
            android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
            android:orientation = "vertical">
            <TextView
                android:layout_marginLeft = "8dp"
                android:textColorLink = "@color/white"
                android:layout_marginBottom = "8dp"
                android:id = "@+id/text"
                android:layout_width = "match_parent"
                android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
                android:layout_marginTop = "2dp"
                android:ellipsize = "end"
                android:fontFamily = "@font/compact_text_regular"
                android:maxLines = "4"
                android:text = "This sounded nonsense to Alice, so she said nothing, but set off at her being blah blah This sounded nonsense to Alice, so she said nothing, but set off at her being blah blah"
                android:textColor = "@color/white"
                android:textSize = "14sp"
                android:lineSpacingExtra = "4dp" />

            <LinearLayout
                android:layout_width = "match_parent"
                android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
                android:orientation = "horizontal">

                <LinearLayout
                    android:visibility = "gone"
                    android:id = "@+id/like_icon_wrap"
                    android:clickable = "true"
                    android:layout_gravity = "center"
                    android:layout_width = "40dp"
                    android:layout_height = "30dp"
                    android:orientation = "horizontal">

                    <ImageView
                        android:layout_marginLeft = "8dp"
                        android:id = "@+id/like_icon"
                        android:layout_gravity = "center_vertical"
                        android:layout_width = "16dp"
                        android:layout_height = "16dp"
                        app:srcCompat = "@drawable/heart_white" />

                    <TextView
                        android:id = "@+id/likes_count"
                        android:layout_gravity = "center"
                        android:layout_width = "wrap_content"
                        android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
                        android:fontFamily = "@font/compact_text_regular"
                        android:textColor = "@color/white"
                        android:textSize = "16sp"
                        android:text = "0" />
                </LinearLayout>

                <TextView
                    android:layout_marginRight = "8dp"
                    android:layout_gravity = "center"
                    android:id = "@+id/more"
                    android:layout_width = "wrap_content"
                    android:layout_height = "wrap_content"
                    android:layout_weight = "1"
                    android:fontFamily = "sans-serif"
                    android:textColor = "@color/colorPrimary"
                    android:gravity = "right"
                    android:text = "show more"
                    android:textSize = "12sp"
                    android:visibility = "invisible" />
            </LinearLayout>
        </LinearLayout>
    </FrameLayout>
    </RelativeLayout>
</androidx.cardview.widget.CardView>